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The 1978 Atlantic hurricane season was the last Atlantic hurricane season to use an all-female naming list. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was an above average season due to a subsiding El Niño. The first storm, a subtropical storm, developed unusually early – on January 18 – and dissipated five days later without causing any damage. At the end of July and early August, short-lived Tropical Storm Amelia caused extensive flooding in Texas after dropping as much as of rain. There were 33 deaths and $110 million (1978 USD) in damage. Tropical Storm Bess and Hurricane Cora resulted in only minor land impacts, while the latter was attributed to one fatality. Later in August, Tropical Storm Debra produced widespread effects, though damage was also relatively minor. Hurricane Ella became the northernmost Category 4 hurricane while located at 38°N, and lashed the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada with gusty winds and rip currents. Hurricanes Flossie and Kendra as well as Tropical Storms Hope, Irma, and Juliet caused minimal land impacts as a tropical cyclone. However, the precursor to Hurricane Kendra caused flooding in Puerto Rico. Hurricane Greta brought strong winds, high tides, and flooding to Central America, particularly Belize and Honduras. Greta resulted in about $25 million in damage and at least five fatalities. Overall, the storms of this season collectively caused $191 million in damage and 42 fatalities. Hurricane Greta crossed into the eastern pacific and was renamed Olivia. ==Season summary== ImageSize = width:815 height:215 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1978 till:01/12/1978 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/01/1978 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1) legend:Tropical_Depression_=_<39_mph_(0-62_km/h) id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39-73_mph_(63-117 km/h) id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:Category_1_=_74-95_mph_(119-153_km/h) id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46) legend:Category_2_=_96-110_mph_(154-177_km/h) id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25) legend:Category_3_=_111-130_mph_(178-209-km/h) id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:Category_4_=_131-155_mph_(210-249_km/h) id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:Category_5_=_>=156_mph_(>=250_km/h) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:7 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:19/01/1978 till:23/01/1978 color:TS text:"Unnamed" (SS) from:21/06/1978 till:23/06/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) from:10/07/1978 till:12/07/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) from:30/07/1978 till:01/08/1978 color:TS text:"Amelia" (TS) from:05/08/1978 till:08/08/1978 color:TS text:"Bess" (TS) from:07/08/1978 till:12/08/1978 color:C1 text:"Cora" (C1) from:07/08/1978 till:11/08/1978 color:TD text:"Four" (TD) from:09/08/1978 till:10/08/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) barset:break from:26/08/1978 till:29/08/1978 color:TS text:"Debra" (TS) from:30/08/1978 till:05/09/1978 color:C4 text:"Ella" (C4) from:30/08/1978 till:01/09/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) from:03/09/1978 till:11/09/1978 color:TD text:"Eight" (TD) from:04/09/1978 till:15/09/1978 color:C2 text:"Flossie" (C2) from:08/09/1978 till:10/09/1978 color:TD text:"Nine" (TD) from:13/09/1978 till:20/09/1978 color:C4 text:"Greta" (C4) from:18/09/1978 till:29/09/1978 color:TD text:"Twelve" (TD) barset:break from:12/09/1978 till:21/09/1978 color:TS text:"Hope" (TS) from:21/09/1978 till:23/09/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) from:02/10/1978 till:05/10/1978 color:TS text:"Irma" (TS) from:07/10/1978 till:11/10/1978 color:TS text:"Juliet" (TS) from:15/10/1978 till:19/10/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) from:26/10/1978 till:29/10/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) from:28/10/1978 till:01/11/1978 color:C1 text:"Kendra" (C1) from:03/11/1978 till:04/11/1978 color:TD text:"TD" (TD) bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/01/1978 till:01/02/1978 text:January from:01/02/1978 till:01/03/1978 text:February from:01/03/1978 till:01/04/1978 text:March from:01/04/1978 till:01/05/1978 text:April from:01/05/1978 till:01/06/1978 text:May from:01/06/1978 till:01/07/1978 text:June from:01/07/1978 till:01/08/1978 text:July from:01/08/1978 till:01/09/1978 text:August from:01/09/1978 till:01/10/1978 text:September from:01/10/1978 till:01/11/1978 text:October from:01/11/1978 till:01/12/1978 text:November TextData = pos:(570,30) text:"(From the" pos:(617,30) text:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale)" The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1978. Although 24 tropical cyclones developed, only twelve of them reached tropical storm intensity, which is slightly above the 1966-2009 average of 11.3 named storms per season. Of the twelve tropical storms, five of them strengthened into a hurricane, which is slightly below the 1966-2009 average of 6.2.〔 Two of the five hurricane became major hurricanes, which is Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Three tropical storms and two hurricanes made landfall during the season and caused at least 41 fatalities and $135 million.〔 * * * 〕 Additionally, the precursor to Hurricane Kendra brought flooding to Puerto Rico, with $6 million in damage and one death.〔 The season officially ended on November 30, 1978.〔 Tropical cyclogenesis began very early, with the development of a subtropical storm on January 18. It dissipated about five days later. However, the next tropical cyclone, an unnumbered depression, did not develop until June 21. In July, there were two systems, including an unnumbered tropical depression and Tropical Storm Amelia. Seven tropical cyclones formed in August, including Tropical Depression Four and tropical storms Bess and Debra and hurricanes Cora and Ella. There were also seven system in September – tropical depressions Eight, Nine, and Twelve, Tropical Storm Hope, and hurricanes Flossie and Greta. During the month of October, there were five tropical cyclones, with two unnumbered tropical depressions, tropical storms Irma and Juliet, and Hurricane Kendra. There was another unnumbered tropical depression in November, which dissipated on November 5. The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 63. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding , which is tropical storm strength. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1978 Atlantic hurricane season」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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